The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth

The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, known today as The Jefferson Bible, is Thomas Jefferson's own compilation of the four gospels in the New Testament. Jefferson cut out excerpts from six New Testament volumes in English, French, Latin, and Greek, and then assembled them together in this single volume. He arranged his chosen passages to create a chronological account of Jesus' life, parables, and moral teachings. He omitted passages that he deemed insupportable through reason or that he believed were later embellishments, including references to Jesus' miracles and his resurrection. In doing so, Jefferson sought to clarify Jesus' moral teachings, which he believed provided "the most sublime and benevolent code of morals which has ever been offered to man."^[1]

Jefferson first excised passages from the New Testament in 1804. He created this first compilation, known as The Philosophy of Jesus of Nazareth, from two English New Testaments he received from Ireland, published in 1791^[2] and 1799.^[3] By 1805, Jefferson had apparently considered revising the compilation, but did not do so. It was not until late 1819, after William Short, his former private secretary in France, encouraged him to do so, that Jefferson began work on what would become The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth.^[4] Short wrote, " . . . I see with real pain that you have no intention of continuing the abstract from the Evangelists which you began at Washington. The reason you give for confining yourself to classical reading & mathematical truths should not, I should think, operate against this agreeable task—& if agreeable to you, I know nothing which could be more so, & at the same time more useful to others. You observe that what is genuine is easily distinguished from the rubbish in which it is buried—if so, it is an irresistible reason for your continuing the work—for others, it would seem, have not found it thus distinguishable."^[5]

Jefferson worked with six New Testament volumes in making his second compilation. He utilized two copies each of the following texts: (1) 1794 Greek-Latin edition;^[6] (2) 1802 French edition;^[7] and (3) 1804 English edition.^[8] Jefferson acquired the Greek-Latin New Testaments in 1804. He acquired the French and English New Testaments in 1805. Two small maps of Palestine and Asia Minor, which Jefferson pasted into his volume immediately following the title page, were sourced from the Greek-Latin New Testament.

Jefferson apparently began by preparing a table of contents and then clipped and pasted the Gospel verses onto blank leaves of paper, occasionally adding new verses as he proceeded. Starting from left to right, he inserted the Greek-Latin, French, and English verses in separate columns. With the Greek-Latin text on the left and the French and English verses on the facing page on the right, Jefferson arranged the verses in chronological order, apparently closely following the sequence of events laid out in William Newcome's A Harmony in Greek of the Gospels, first published in Dublin in 1778.^[9]

It is unclear when exactly Jefferson completed compiling The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth. Jefferson's letters to Short on April 13, 1820,^[10] and August 4, 1820,^[11] suggest that the compilation was complete by the time of the second letter, but we do not know for sure. We do know that Jefferson had the completed volume bound, although no mention of this exists in Jefferson's surviving correspondence. Frederick A. Mayo of Richmond, Virginia, bound the volume in red morocco with gilt edging. "MORALS / OF / JESUS" was stamped in gilt on the spine. Mayo's bookbinder's label was affixed on the front inside cover.

In 1829, the bound work was sent to Washington, D.C., along with the rest of Jefferson's books remaining at his death, but it was not offered up at the auction sale of Jefferson's library. Instead, the volume was retained by the family. It was apparently first in the custody of Jefferson's daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, who made a transcript of the English text with the help of her daughters, Cornelia Jefferson Randolph, Mary Jefferson Randolph, and Virginia Jefferson Randolph.^[12] After Martha Randolph's death in 1836, the volume was held by her eldest son, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, at his Edgehill estate in Albemarle County, Virginia. It passed to his daughter, Sarah Nicholas Randolph, who offered to sell the manuscript volume to the federal government in 1890. The U.S. Senate failed, however, to approve a bill authorizing the purchase. When Sarah died two years later, her sister, Carolina, took possession of the volume. In 1895, Carolina Randolph sold Jefferson's original manuscript for $400 to Cyrus Adler, librarian and curator of world religions for the Smithsonian Institution.^[13]

The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth was very likely among the works on morality that Jefferson read every evening before retiring to bed. He wrote in 1819, "I never go to bed without an hour, or half hour's previous reading of something moral, whereon to ruminate in the intervals of sleep."^[14]
 
- Endrina Tay, 10/1/2014

Further Sources

• Gaustad, Edwin S. Sworn on the Altar of God: A Religious Biography of Thomas Jefferson. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996.
• Jefferson, Thomas. The Jefferson Bible: The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, Extracted Textually from the Gospels in Greek, Latin, French & English.  Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2011.  A facsimile of the original Jefferson Bible, produced by the Smithsonian; includes essays on the history and conservation of the original.
• Jefferson's Secret Bible.  Smithsonian Networks, 2011.  DVD, 51 mins.  Documentary about the conservation of Jefferson's Bible by experts at the Smithsonian. 
• Sheridan, Eugene R. Jefferson and Religion. Charlottesville, VA: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 1998.
• Vicchio, Stephen J. Jefferson's Religion. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Pub., 2007.
• Look for further sources on Jefferson and religion in the Thomas Jefferson Portal.

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